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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 10th Edition Chapter 4

8245408823 Epidermis Outer layer of skin, avascular, composed of 5 layers: (outtermost to innermost layer) -Stratum Corneum -Stratum Lucidum (found only in hands and soles of the feet) -Stratum Granulosum -Stratum Spinosum -Stratum Basale 0 8245408824 Epithelial Tissue Membranes -Cutaneous -Serous -Mucous 1 8245408825 Cutaneous Membrane Skin; covers the surface of the body. 2 8245408826 Mucous Membrane Lines all cavities that open to the outside of the body. (adapted for absorption and secretion) 3 8245408827 Serous (serosa) Membrane Lines the body cavities that are closed to the exterior; rests on a thin layer of areolar tissue; lines the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium. 4 8245408828 Serous Fluid Clear fluid secreted by sell that allows organs to slide easily across each other without friction. 5 8245408829 Peritonium Double layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs. 6 8245408830 Pleura Membrane surrounding the lungs. 7 8245408831 Pericardium Membrane surrounding the heart. 8 8245408832 Synovial Membranes Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity; provides a smooth surface, secretes a lubricating fluid, is composed of areolar connective tissue. 9 8245408833 Skin Cutaneous membrane. 10 8245408834 Parietal Layer Lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral cavity. 11 8245408835 Visceral Layer Covers the outside of the organs in a cavity. 12 8245408836 Integumentary System Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails. 13 8245408837 Keratin Tough, fibrous protein that is found in hair and nails. 14 8245408838 Functions of the Integumentary System -Protection -Sensory -Vitamin D production -Temperature regulation -Excretion and absorption. 15 8245408839 Dermis Strong, stretchy, and functions to bind the body together. Composed of 2 major regions: -Papillary -Reticular 16 8245408840 Hypodermis Subcutaneous tissue. Adipose and connective tissue. 17 8245408841 Keratinocytes Cells that produce keratin. 18 8245408842 Order of Epidermis Tissues (mnemonic) (outermost to innermost) Come Lets Get Sun Burned C- Corneum L- Lucidum G- Granulosum S- Spinosum B- Basale 19 8245408843 Stratum Basale Deepest layer of the epidermis; closest to the dermis; adequately nourished; cells are constantly dividing (mitosis) Function: makes melanin. 20 8245408844 Stratum Spinosum Consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound tightly together by desmosomes; spiny layer. Function: phaygocytosis 21 8245408845 Stratum Granulosum Cells become flatter and increasingly full of keratin. Function: Contains granules that make keratin. 22 8245408846 Stratum Lucidum A layer of epidermis found ONLY in thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles of the feet. Function: extra protection. 23 8245408847 Stratum Corneum Most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells. Function: protects and waterproofs. 24 8245408848 Melanin A pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black. Produces by melanocytes; located in the stratum basale. 25 8245408849 Melanocytes Epidermal cells that synthesize the pigment melanin, which protect the body from UV light. 26 8245408850 Epidermal Dendritic Cells Important in alerting and activating the immune system to a threat such as a bacterial or viral invasion. 27 8245408851 Merkel Cells Associated with sensory nerve endings and serve as touch receptors. 28 8245408852 Papillary Layer Upper dermal region; uneven and has projections from its superior (upper) surface called dermal papillae (fingerprints) 29 8245408853 Reticular Layer The deepest skin layer and contains irregularly arranged blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors. 30 8245408854 Dermal Papillae Small nipple/peg like extensions of the dermis in to the epidermis (known as fingerprints) 31 8245408855 Decubitus Ulcers Bed sores; caused by constant pressure on an area of skin for a prolonged period of time. 32 8245408856 Carotene An orange-yellow pigment found in orange and yellow and leafy green vegetables. 33 8245408857 Hemoglobin Pigment in red blood cells that are found in the dermis. Crimson color of the hemoglobin flushes through transparent cell layers and gives light-skinned individuals a rosy glow. 34 8245408858 Pallor/Blanching Pale; may signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood-flow to the area. 35 8245408859 Jaundice Yellowing of the skin. Usually signifies liver disorder. Excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated, and deposited into body tissues. 36 8245408860 Bruise Black and blue marks on the skin; reveals where blood has escaped circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Clots are called hemotomas. 37 8245408861 Erythema Reddened skin, may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or an allergy. 38 8245408862 Skin Appendages Orginates in the epidermis: -Cutaneous glands -Hair -Hair Follicles -Nails 39 8245408863 Cutaneous Glands Glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts (exocrine glands) 2 types: -Sebaceous glands -Sweat glands (sudoriferous) 40 8245408864 Sebaceous Glands Oil glands that are found all over the skin except on the palm and soles of the feet. Sebaceous glands release sebum. 41 8245408865 Sebum Oily substance released from the sebaceous glands; lubricant that keeps the skin soft moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle. 42 8245408866 Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands Found all over the body. 2 types: -Eccrine -Apocrine 43 8245408867 Eccrine Glands Found all over the body; produce sweat via a duct that opes as a pore. Primarily made up of water, salt, vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid. Function: regulate body temperature. 44 8245408868 Apocrine Glands Found ONLY in the axillary (armpit) and genital area of the body; secretes a milky substance that provides nutrients for bacteria living on the skin. Contains fatty acids and proteins. Function: unknown 45 8245408869 Hair Made up of keratin; produced by the hair follicle; is a flexible epithelial structure; provides protection and insulation. Each hair consists of: Medulla- central core Cortex- bulky middle Cuticle- outermost layer 46 8245408870 Hair Follicles Compound structures; INNER epidermal sheath is composed of epithelial tissues and forms the hair. OUTER dermal sheath is actual dermal connective tissue and provides blood supply to the matrix. 47 8245408871 Arrector Pili Small bands of smooth muscle that connect to each side of the hair follicle. When these muscles contract, the hair is pulled upright. (Goosebumps) 48 8245408872 Nail A scale-like modification of the epidermis. Nail is bordered by skin called nail folds. Proximal nail is call the cuticle. Nail bed ---> stratum basale. 49 8245408873 Burn Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV (sunburn), or chemicals. 3 types of burns: -First degree -Second degree -Third degree 50 8245408874 First-Degree Burn Only the epidermis is damaged; heals with no special treatment. 51 8245408875 Second-Degree Burn Involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Skin is reddened, painful, and blisters appear. 52 8245408876 Third-Degree Burn Destroys the entire thickness of the skin. Burned areas appear gray-white or blackened; not painful because nerve endings have been destroyed. Regeneration is not possible and skin grafting must be done to cover exposed tissue. 53 8245408877 Rule of Nines Divides the body into 11 areas; each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area. Plus an additional area surrounding he genitals representing 1% of the body surface area. 54 8245408878 Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis) An itchy red peeling condition of the skin between the toes resulting from a fungal infection. 55 8245408879 Boils/Carbuncles An inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. 56 8245408880 Cold Sores Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by the herpes simplex infection. 57 8245408881 Contact Dermatits Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering, caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals. 58 8245408882 Impetigo Involves pink water-filled raised lesions, usually around the mouth and nose that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by the staphylococcus bacteria. 59 8245408883 Psoriasis Chronic condition characterized by the over production of skin cells. Results on reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry scales that itch burn and crack. 60 8245408884 Basal Cell Carcinoma Least malignant and most common skin cancer. Stratum basale cells altered so they cannot for keratin and no longer honor the boundary between the epidermis and dermis, Must be surgically removed. 61 8245408885 Squamos Cell Carcinoma Arises from cells in the stratum spinosum and appears as a scaly red papule. Occurs mostly on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands and lower lip. Surgery removal or radiation therapy. 62 8245408886 Malignant Melanoma Cancer of the melanocytes. Accounts for 5% of skin cancers, but is the most deadly. 63 8245408887 ABCD Rule A- Asymmetry: 2 sides do not match B- Border- Borders are not smooth C- Colors- Contains different colors D- Diameter- Spot is bigger than 6mm (pencil eraser) 64 8245408888 Lamellar/Pacinian Corpuscles Nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure. 65 8245408889 Meissner's Corpuscles Nerve endings in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. 66 8245419308 Epidermis 67 8245427152 Dermis 68 8245440533 decubitus ulcers bed sores 69 8245447131 sebaceous glands oil glands of the skin 70

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 10th Edition Chapter 4

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